There are extensive dune belts within the survey area which are moving before the strong north wind at a rate of approximately 2 metres per year.

Destruction of a Kerma settlement to allow for agricultural expansion.

The Northern Dongola Reach Survey (NDRS) held a concession on the east bank of the Nile for 80km along the river and to the edge of the desert plateau a maximum of 18km from the river. Over 450 sites were found together with clear evidence for palaeochannels of the Nile, the banks of which were densely settled during the Kerma period (c. 2500 - 1500 BC).

Much of the survey concession is a flat alluvial plain with a thin covering of sand. Site visibility in these areas was high.

Features such as this, first identified as tumuli, are now known to be wells.

Looking 'up' a well.